野鳥家禽流行性感冒(AI)監測

家禽流行性感冒(avian influenza, AI)簡稱禽流感，是一種禽類重要傳染病，對雞及火雞可能引起惡性傳染及急速死亡，在1878年首度被分離發現而提出病例報告，早期曾將本病稱之為雞瘟(fowl plague)，直到1981年雞瘟這個病名才被改為高病原性家禽流行性感冒（highly pathogenic avian influenza, HPAI)，已列入我國甲類法定動物傳染病。台灣位於歐亞大陸東亞區候鳥遷徙路線上，每年有成千上萬的水鳥群來台渡冬，這些野鳥在台灣與國際間穿梭，本所自1998年開始每年有系統性地進行監測，希望藉由野鳥帶毒的監測，提供農政單位疫情的預警資訊，並經由連續數年的監測資料累積分析，了解其流行病學角色及意義。

1.監測方式

1-1監測地點選定

由野鳥學會選定適宜採樣之樣點分為南、北及金門各1至3樣點，並配合防疫風險增加採樣點。

1-2採樣

每群鳥採集20件排遺樣本，或以繫放方式採取肛門拭子。

1-3時間與對象

於候鳥季進行採樣，主要採樣鳥種為鴨科及鷸鴴科鳥類。

1-4檢驗方法

鳥類排遺樣本以棉棒採集後，放入輸送保存液內，冷藏包裝後寄送至實驗室進行AI病毒分離。AI病毒係以雞胚胎培養法進行分離最多接種2代以分離病毒。病毒鑑定以電子顯微鏡法鑑定型態、以血球凝集抑制試驗 (hemagglutination inhibition test, HI) 、神經胺酸酶抑制試驗 (neuraminidase inhibition test, NI) 或聚合酶鏈反應法鑑定H及N亞型。經亞型鑑定為H5或H7病毒則進行病毒的病原性鑑定。

1-5監測成果

自1998年至2022年12月止共監測110,992個樣本數，共分離到890株家禽流行性感冒病毒株，病毒分為74種不同亞型。

1998年至2022年野鳥家禽流行性感冒(AI)監測件數

Time	No. samples	No. Isolates(%)		No. subtypes	Subtypes
1998/2-1998/4	906	13	(1.4)	1	H1N3
1998/9-1999/4	2,134	163	(7.6)	10	H1N1, H1N3, H2N3, H3N8, H4N2, H4N6, H4N7, H4N8, H7N1, H10N7
1999/8-2000/7	1,831	36	(2.0)	8	H1N1, H4N6, H6N1, H7N1, H8N4, H10N4, H11N9, H14N7
2000/8-2001/3	1,427	3	(0.2)	1	H7N1
2001/10-2002/5	2,781	9	(0.3)	3	H4N6, H4N8, H10N4
2002/9-2003/6	2,888	8	(0.3)	5	H4N6, H3N8, H6N2, H3N6, H6N1
2003/7-2004/7	3,488	7	(0.2)	2	H10N3, H11N9
2004/8-2005/5	3,611	28	(0.8)	11	H1N1, H2N7, H4N2, H4N6, H4N8, H5N2, H5N6, H6N5, H7N3, H10N8, H11N9
2005/8-2006/7	5,201	44	(0.8)	14	H1N3, H3N8, H3N6, H3N9, H4N3, H4N6, H4N2, H5N2, H6N1, H7N3, H10N4, H10N6, H11N9, H12N2
2006/8-2007/7	4,027	38	(0.9)	9	H1N3, H3N8, H4N6, H4N7, H7N6, H9N6, H9N9, H10N3, H10N7
2007/8-2007/12	1,889	18	(0.9)	6	H1N1, H1N2, H3N8, H4N6, H7N7, H8N4
2008/1-2008/12	4,265	25	(0.6)	11	H2N9, H3N6, H3N8, H4N2, H4N6, H7N3, H7N7, H10N1, H10N7, H10N9, H11N3
2009/1-2009/12	5,834	35	(0.6)	15	H1N1, H3N2, H3N8, H4N5, H4N6, H4N8, H6N2, H6N9, H7N3, H7N5, H7N7, H7N9, H10N3, H10N7, H11N3
2010/1-2010/12	4,849	38	(0.8)	7	H1N1, H2N3, H4N6, H7N2, H10N3, H10N7, H10N9
2011/1-2011/12	3,935	27	(0.7)	8	H3N6, H3N8 H4N6, H5N2, H7N3, H7N6,H7N9, H10N7
2012/1-2012/12	4,428	18	(0.4)	5	H1N1, H1N3, H4N6, H7N1, H10N7
2013/1-2013/12	7,858	21	(0.3)	6	H5N3, H6N1, H7N3, H7N7, H10N7, H12N5
2014/1-2014/12	3,938	14	(0.4)	7	H1N1, H1N3, H3N8, H4N6, H7N5, H7N9, H12N5
2015/1-2015/12	5,216	35	(0.7)	19	H1N1, H3N4, H3N6, H3N8, H4N3, H4N6, H5N3, H6N1, H6N2, H6N5, H7N9, H8N4, H9N2, H9N3, H10N3, H10N6, H10N7, H12N1, H12N5
2016/1-2016/12	4,280	58	(1.36)	24	H1N1,H1N8,H1N9,H2N3,H3N6,H3N8,H4N1,H4N6, H4N7,H5N3,H6N1,H6N3, H7N6, H7N7, H7N8, H8N5, H10N1, H10N7, H12N5, H14N4, H14N3, H14N5, H14N6, H14N7
2017/1-2017/12	4,718	26	(0.6)	13	H1N1, H1N3, H1N8, H2N3, H4N6, H6N5, H7N7, H8N6, H10N5, H11N2, H12N1, H12N4, H12N5
2018/1-2018/12	5,480	49	(0.9)	16	H2N6, H3N8, H4N1, H4N2, H4N3, H4N6, H5N3, H6N2, H7N1, H7N3, H7N7, H10N2, H10N4, H10N8, H12N9, H14N8
2019/1-2019/12	7,072	54	(0.8)	15	H1N1, H2N3, H3N2, H3N3, H3N8, H4N1, H4N2, H4N3, H4N6, H5N3, H6N1, H6N2, H7N7, H12N1, H12N5
2020/1-2020/12	6632	28	(0.4)	15	H1N1, H1N6, H3N8, H4N6, H5N3,HPAI H5N8, H6N2, H7N1, H7N7, H8N5, H10N1, H10N2, H10N4, H10N7, H12N5
2021/1-2021/12	6257	53	(0.8)	18	H1N1, H3N2, H3N6, H3N8, H4N6, HPAI H5N1, H6N2, H6N5, H7N7, H7N9, H10N1, H10N3, H10N9, H11N2, H11N9, H14N6, H14N7, H14N8
2022/1-2022/12	6047	42	(0.7)	19	H1N1, H1N8, H2N3, H3N3, H3N8, H4N6, H5N1, H5N2, H6N1, H6N2, H6N8, H7N2, H7N3, H7N7, H8N3, H8N4, H9N8, H10N7, H12N5
Total	110,992	890	(0.8)	74	H1N1, H1N2, H1N3, H1N6, H1N8, H1N9, H2N3, H2N6, H2N7, H2N9, H3N2, H3N3, H3N4, H3N6, H3N7, H3N8, H3N9, H4N1, H4N2, H4N3, H4N5, H4N6, H4N7, H4N8, HPAI H5N1, H5N2, H5N3,H5N6, HPAI H5N8, H6N1, H6N2, H6N3, H6N5, H6N8, H6N9, H7N1, H7N2, H7N3, H7N5, H7N6, H7N7, H7N8, H7N9, H8N3, H8N4, H8N5, H8N6, H9N2, H9N3, H9N6, H9N8, H9N9, H10N1, H10N2, H10N3, H10N4, H10N5, H10N6, H10N7, H10N8, H10N9, H11N2, H11N3, H11N9, H12N1, H12N2, H12N4, H12N5, H14N3, H14N4, H14N5, H14N6, H14N7, H14N8